TNF and diabetes mellitus: Figure 2 also shows that in vivo hypoglycemic activities of chaga polysaccharides are confirmed by depressing oxidative stress, NF-κB/transforming growth factor (TGF)-β pathway, and PI3K/Akt pathway. Accordingly, their hypoglycemic activities are correlated with the inhibition of TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-κB, and ROS level [9–11]. Based on the above discussion, it seemed that chaga polysaccharides have bilateral immunomodulatory effects on TNF-α, IL-1β, etc. in the face of cancer and diabetes.