The strong association between APOL1 high-risk genotypes and ESKD in our study, in whom HIVAN was a common diagnosis, may reflect the inclusion of large numbers of participants with APOL1 high-risk genotypes who had normal or only mildly impaired kidney function as compared with the case-only studies by Atta and Fine in which all participants had CKD.22 Here, APOL1 is linked to chronic kidney disease.