Further, proteinopathies usually associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease [AD; hyperphosphorylated Tau (p-Tau) and amyloid-beta plaques] have been found in the brains of children and young adults exposed to the chronic air pollution (Calderón-Garcidueñas et al., 2012; Cacciottolo et al., 2017; Kilian and Kitazawa, 2018). This evidence concerns the gene MAPT and proteostasis deficiencies.