TNF and COVID-19: TNF antagonist and MTX use were not associated with increased odds of hospitalization and/or death (aOR 0.82, 95% CI 0.42–1.60 or severe COVID-19 (OR 2.44, 95% CI 0.55–10.74) (Ungaro et al., 2022, Ungaro et al., 2021b), which is consistent with previous literature regarding infection risk associated with these medications Agrawal et al.