TNF and COVID-19: The key molecular mediators of inflammation include pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α; chemokines; inflammatory enzymes such as cyclooxygenase-1, and -2 (COX-1, COX-2), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX); transcription factors such as signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and NF-κB; and ILs, for example, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8 (Ghasemi et al., 2019; Norooznezhad et al., 2020), and notably the inhibition on those proteins or pathways can be considered as the major therapy targets for anti-inflammatory treatments of COVID-19.