VEGFA and neoplasm: As previous reports have described that among immunosuppressive factors produced by tumor cells, VEGF-A has a key role in the induction of an immunosuppressive microenvironment and can promote the expression of immunosuppressive factors such as PD-1 via the VEGF-A–VEGFR-2 axis (Gavalas et al., 2012; Costache et al., 2015; Voron et al., 2015; Yang et al., 2018).