For this purpose, several approaches, with different viral vectors, were used to express cytokines such as IL-2 (Carew et al., 2001; Bai et al., 2014), IL-12 (Varghese et al., 2006), IL-15 (Niu et al., 2015), IFN-γ (Vigil et al., 2007), IFN-β (Durham et al., 2017; Cerqueira et al., 2020; David et al., 2020), reinforces the potential of combining OV and cytokines for immunotherapy for melanomas (De Graaf et al., 2018). Here, IL2 is linked to melanoma.