Raw and log10 plasma NfL levels on average were higher in individuals with Wolfram syndrome at time point 1 [Raw: t(1,71) = 4.2, p < 0.001, Cohen’s d = 1.0; Log10: t(1,71) = 5.0, p < 0.001, Cohen’s d = 1.2] and time point 2 [Raw: t(1,60) = 3.9, p < 0.001, Cohen’s d = 1.0; Log10: t(1,60) = 4.5, p < 0.001, Cohen’s d = 1.1] compared to controls (Table 1 and Figures 1A–C), including when the raw plasma NfL outlier was excluded from these analyses (both time points p < 0.001 relative to controls). The gene discussed is NEFL; the disease is Wolfram syndrome.