AKT1 and brain injury: Dexmedetomidine is neuroprotective in animal models of spinal cord and ischemic brain injury [23] and ameliorates LPS-induced neuronal dysfunction by modulating the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt)/glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β)/collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP-2) [24] pathways.