TNF and central nervous system cancer: Co-culture of mast cells with glioma cells induces the expression of serglycin, CD44, ZEB1, vimentin, CXCL10, CXCL12, and TNF-α in glioma cells and IL-6 and CXCL1 in mast cells, creating an inflammatory milieu that induce glioma cell aggressiveness (77).