HPSE and cancer: Overall, high expression levels of TMV, NET and TF in PC tissue participate in platelet activation and aggregation, which coupled with procoagulant molecules enzyme heparanase (HPSE), podoplanin (PDPN) and the fibrinolytic system, contribute to the high incidence of thrombosis, making it an excellent model for studying cancer-associated hypercoagulable states (65).