TLR4 and colorectal carcinoma: It is widely acknowledged that F. nucleatum potentiates CRC development through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling, where TLR4 binds to myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MYD88) (Yang et al., 2017; Proenca et al., 2018; Sun et al., 2019) and subsequently activates the key downstream effector nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) (Ogawa et al., 2005; Mukherji et al., 2013).