TGFB1 and neoplasm: Activated macrophages are classified into two phenotypes: 1) classically activated macrophages, also known as M1 macrophages, which are induced by bacteria and their products lipopolysaccharide and interferon-1; these cells show high antigen presentation ability, secrete IL-12, NO and IL-10, and are involved in the Th1 immune response and killing tumor cells; and 2) alternative activated macrophages, known as M2 macrophages, which are activated by IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-β (89).