As GSK-3β destabilizes β-catenin (61), an activator of transcription factors (e.g., LEF/TCF) that facilitate expression of genes responsible for memory T cell differentiation, addition of the GSK-3β inhibitor along with IL-7 and IL-21 enriched for CD19 CAR-expressing CD45RO-CCR7+CD45RA+CD62L+CD27+CD95+ TSCM that showed enhanced metabolic fitness and long-lasting anti-tumor activity in a leukemia xenograft model. Here, GSK3B is linked to leukemia.