TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: Further, pre-treatment of CM (10 ml/kg, orally) of rats with colitis induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), suppressed the severity of intestinal damage, improved the weight/length ratio of the large intestine, leukocyte infestation, macroscopic damage, histopathological changes, myeloperoxidase activity and the activity of apoptotic marker (caspases-3) (57) In IBD, mainly leukocyte uptake by TNF-α and ROS was observed through the increased expression of P-selectin, ICAM and MAdCAM-1 adhesive molecules in the colonic mucosa.