TNF and cancer: In contrast, it was recently shown that TNF-α-secreting TAMs found in subcutaneously LLC-engrafted mice as well as in NSCLC patients, were characterized by reduced PD-L1 expression and that their clodronate-mediated depletion led to a significant increase in PD-L1 expression in aerobic cancer cells, a higher infiltration of T cells and improved response to anti-PD-L1 therapy (44).