TGFB1 and Cognitive impairment: While estrogen signaling pathways have been reported to play an important role in cognitive protection (Engler-Chiurazzi et al., 2017; Hwang et al., 2020), TGF-β and RAS signaling pathways are involved in the regulation of inflammation and apoptosis, leading to cognitive impairment (Kirouac et al., 2017; Kashima and Hata, 2018).