NLRP3 and endothelial dysfunction: It has been studied that HSYA alleviates AS with suppression VSMC proliferation, endothelial dysfunction, foam cell formation, and platelet activation by regulating PI3K/Akt/TOR, NLRP3 inflammasome, TNFR1/NF-κB and TLR4/Rac1/Akt signaling pathways (Xue et al., 2021).