TGF-β was isolated as a tumor-derived growth factor with potential to induce oncogenic transformation in cell models in culture and has been proven to suppress benign and pre-malignant tissue hyperplasia, but also to facilitate the development of aggressive and metastasis-prone tumors (Drabsch and ten Dijke, 2012; Derynck et al., 2021). Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.