TGFB1 and cancer: Moreover, TGF-β mediates cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) to myofibroblast differentiation and tissue fibrosis, and acts as a potent suppressor of anti-cancer immunity (Webber et al., 2010; Drabsch and ten Dijke, 2012; Moustakas and Heldin, 2012; Caja et al., 2018; Derynck et al., 2021).