A final example of EV-mediated CAF generation stems from studies of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which secrete EVs carrying TGF-β1, and which upon interaction with fibroblasts induced CAFs (Table 1), but also acted on peritoneal mesothelial cells that responded with EMT, and on endothelial cells, in a gastric epithelium invasive model (Umakoshi et al., 2019). Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.