On the other hand, bladder cancer EVs carried a substantial proportion of secreted TGF-β1, induced TGF-β/SMAD2 signaling in vesical fibroblasts and CAF differentiation was inhibited by a TGF-β receptor kinase inhibitor (Ringuette Goulet et al., 2018). Here, TGFB1 is linked to urinary bladder carcinoma.