TLR4 and alkaline phosphatase measurement: The administration of Escherichia coli MG1655 to AP rats aggravated injuries in the pancreas and small intestine and activated Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/MyD88/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and endoplasmic reticulum stress in intestinal epithelial cells, while Parabacteroides produces acetate to alleviate heparanase-exacerbated AP by reducing neutrophil infiltration (36, 37).