TNF and alkaline phosphatase measurement: Dith+AP mice also exhibited more severe ileal pathological injuries (P < 0.05) and more robust increases (P < 0.05) in serum and ileal proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], interleukin-6 [IL-6], and IL-1β) than did AP mice (Fig. 2E to K).