DCC and cancer: In addition, the results showed that the hypo-methylation genes were mainly enriched in the pathways of: cancer pathway; cGMP–PKG signaling pathway; RAF/MAP kinase; PI3K–Akt signaling pathway; neuroactive ligand–receptor interaction; stem cells pluripotency, etc., while hyper-methylation genes were mainly enriched in the pathways of: bacterial invasion of epithelial cells; sphingolipid signaling pathway and DCC mediated attractive signaling (Fig. 3, Table 4, and Additional file 3).