Other potential clinical factors include avoidance of associated cardiovascular events and uncertainty regarding the need for treatment prior to starting dialysis [1, 30–32]; the need for patients to meet certain thresholds in terms of Hb levels or other laboratory parameters before treatment is given; under-recognition of anemia in non-dialysis-dependent CKD as a treatable condition; operational challenges of administering parenteral drugs to patients not on dialysis; and cost. This evidence concerns the gene GSTM1 and anemia (phenotype).