These analyses suggested associations of histologic emphysema to any fibrosis (OR 2.24, 95% CI [1.15–4.37], p < 0.017), RB (OR 4.11, 95% CI [1.86–9.10], p < 0.001), anthracosis (OR 2.93, 95% CI [1.81–4.75], p < 0.001) and ≥ 30 pack years of smoking (OR 1.68, 95% CI [1.05–2.68], p = 0.038). Here, RB1 is linked to pulmonary emphysema.