We found that in vivo, just a small proportion of normal epithelial cells co-expressed VIM and EPCAM. However, tumor epithelial cells in vivo, as well as organoids derived from both normal tissues and tumor tissues all have higher proportions of epithelial cells co-expressing VIM and EPCAM, which were further verified at protein levels through immunofluorescence staining (Fig. 4G). Here, EPCAM is linked to neoplasm.