GPBAR1 and obesity disorder: They also showed that TGR5 and CCK synergistically activate nodose neurons to reduce food intake.95 TGR5 activation induces calcium (Ca2+) responses in L-cells and stimulates their release of GLP-1,96 which regulates glucose homeostasis and feeding behavior via vagal and/or hormonal routes.97 TGR5 is also expressed in the hypothalamus, and bile acids can circulate directly to the brain and prevent diet-induced obesity.98 LCA and DCA also activate TGR5 in enteric neurons and enterochromaffin cells (EC) in the colon to control motility.99,100