MDM2 and cancer: The results indicated that the RTK-RAS-PI(3) K (PI3K/AKT) and TP53 pathways are critical for cancer cell control, as illustrated in Fig. 4C. Additionally, PIK3R1, which is involved in the PI3K-AKT pathway, and MDM2, which is implicated in the TP53 pathway, are potential targets that play a critical role in the treatment of OA.