And that were the strongest predictors of cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury (CSA-AKI), such as old age, preoperative hypertension, preoperative anemia, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <45%, CPB times ≥110 minutes, transfused red blood cells (RBCs), postoperative hypotension, central venous pressure (CVP) <6 cmH2O, mechanical ventilation ≥9 hours, use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs)/angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs), postoperative CVP <6 cmH2O, and hypotension [29]. Here, ACE is linked to acute kidney injury.