The inflammatory signaling pathways were also downregulated in probiotic-supplemented NAFLD rodents, mainly through the downregulation of serum or hepatic TNF-α (n = 29/37), IL-6 (n = 16/19), IL-1β (n = 11/12), NF-κB (n = 7/8), and monocyte chemotactic and activating factor 1 (MCP-1) (n = 4/5), and upregulation of interleukin 10 (IL-10) (n = 5/9) and interleukin 4 (IL-4) (n = 3/4) (Figure 3A) (see Appendix B in Supplementary Material for details of probiotics and finding of each study). Here, IL4 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.