In a study of head and neck cancer, TAMs can affect CD44 signal through PI3K-4EBP1-SOX2 pathway to mediate stemness enhancement, and In vivo experiments, Targeting CD44 reduced PI3K-4EBP1-SOX2 signal, inhibited tumor growth, and attenuated stemness (Gomez et al., 2020). Here, CD44 is linked to head and neck cancer.