CD4 and atherosclerosis: In line, it has been postulated that IgG-mediated LDL complex formation and opsonization may enhance lipid uptake into plaque phagocytes and promote atherosclerosis (21, 38), Conversely, vaccination with ApoB-peptides protects from atherosclerosis but it is unclear whether this is an effect of vaccination-induced Treg-like CD4+ T-helper cells or of a humoral response involving ApoB-autoantibodies (39).