Next, we evaluated potential biological functions associated with these canonical caspases, granzyme proteases and GSDMs in a one-step protein-protein interaction network, which revealed that these regulators were predominantly involved in the regulation of the immune response, such as the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway and PD-L1 and PD-1 checkpoint pathway in cancer, and the regulation of stromal and carcinogenic activation, including TNF signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway and p53 signaling pathway (Figure 1B). Here, TP53 is linked to cancer.