TGFB1 and pulmonary fibrosis: In relevance to pulmonary fibrosis, these mechanisms include, but are not limited to, activation of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) (133, 134), changes in the levels of other cytokines regulating both inflammation and fibrosis (135–142), oxidative stress (143, 144), coagulation disturbances (145, 146), changes in biomechanical forces (147, 148), cellular senescence (149–155), defective autophagy (156, 157), and dysregulated epithelial cell – fibroblast crosstalk (158–161).