APOE and atherosclerosis: In another study, recombinant human NEU1 and NEU3 desialylated apolipoprotein B 100 in human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in vitro, and ApoE-NEU1 and ApoE-NEU3 double knockout mice, or ApoE knockout mice treated with pharmacologic inhibitors of NEU1 or NEU3, exhibited reduced atherosclerosis compared with ApoE single knockout mice or ApoE null mice treated with vehicle control (18).