Additionally, CAFs have recently been shown to suppress DC differentiation, maturation and enhance CD11c+ inhibitory phenotypes ultimately inhibiting CD8+ T cell priming, likely via the WNT catenin signalling pathway (31) Furthermore, CAFs interact with tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) in a reciprocal fashion, promoting the development of an M2 TAM phenotype with pro-tumour functions such as expression of PD1-ligands which ultimately impairs cytotoxic T cell function [reviewed (65, 66)]. This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and neoplasm.