Similarly, co-administering TGF-β antibody and anti-PDL1 in a mouse model of urothelial cancer caused a reduction in TGF-β signalling in stroma and allowed T cell infiltration into the tumour centre, suggesting that these two cytokines secreted by CAFs might offer targets to relieve the immunosuppressive effects of CAFs on immune cells and promote efficacy of ICI (50). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.