Recent use of imaging mass cytometry (IMC) and single cell sequencing to probe the cellular constituents of human HCC revealed considerable heterogeneity within the tumour microenvironment with intratumoural region-specific distributions of immune cells.11 Regions with evidence of less aggressive cancer and ongoing liver damage (fibrogenesisis) were enriched for CD8+ T cells, B cells and CD11b+CD15+GranzymeB+ neutrophils. The gene discussed is CD8A; the disease is neoplasm.