TGFB1 and neoplasm: While substantial preclinical data supports TGF-β blockade as a promising target, the positive results obtained in in vitro and in vivo studies have not translated into clinical efficacy for stroma-rich tumours, even after numerous clinical trials in the past decade.43 44 Currently there are significant efforts aimed at combining TGF-β blockade with immunotherapy, which may yet yield clinical benefit.