Another study also reported that UTI can attenuate brain oedema in male Sprague-Dawley rats with TBI, with the preliminary molecular mechanism may be through decreased expression level of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) and proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and TNF-α and NF-κB activity12. The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is bacterial urinary tract infection.