In addition, previous studies of HLA class I alleles associated with clinical outcomes in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive Japanese individuals living with HIV-1 subtype B and in ART-naive Vietnamese cohorts living with HIV-1 subtype A/E showed that HLA-C*12:02 was a protective allele in HIV-1 infection (10, 11), although there is a strong linkage disequilibrium between HLA-C*12:02 and HLA-B*52:01, also a protective allele in Japan (10). This evidence concerns the gene HLA-C and HIV-1 infection.