Thus, we postulate that the associations identified between salivary microbiota, height, and behavioral severity scores in the present study are driven by the probiotic-inducted compositional changes in salivary microbiota, ectopic translocation of oral microbiota to the gut, and subsequent modulation of gut microbiota to influence host growth through the GH/IGF-1 axis in individuals with PWS. This evidence concerns the gene IGF1 and Prader-Willi syndrome.