NPPA and susceptibility to pneumonia measurement: However, all except one of the children with KP-LRTI in our cohort recovered despite the majority receiving antibiotic therapy without activity against K. pneumoniae. Copathogens or interaction with other organisms, as has increasingly been recognized in pneumonia pathogenesis, may have contributed to development of LRTI and recovery in the absence of specific treatment; however, we did not identify any specific pattern of co-pathogen detection with KP on multiplex PCR testing.