Although these processes have been primarily implicated in keratinization of the skin epithelium and hair development (36, 37), esophagus-specific expression of PADI1, PADI3, and TGM3 in the differentiated cells in the EEU and their loss in active EoE underscore that overlapping molecular mechanisms are involved in the formation of the esophageal epithelial barrier. This evidence concerns the gene PADI3 and eosinophilic esophagitis.