IGFPB3 also exerts an IGF-independent effect on cell proliferation by regulating NF-κB signaling in a caspase-dependent manner (32); this pathway recently has been implicated in the maturation and release of the critical proallergic alarmin IL-33 that is uniquely expressed in the quiescent basal layer cells in active EoE as part of an allergen-sensing pathway (26, 33). Here, IGF1 is linked to eosinophilic esophagitis.