IL-10 is considered an essential anti-inflammatory cytokine crucial in the maintenance of immune homeostasis in IBD; however, there is emerging evidence that IL-10 may play a previously underappreciated dual role, with its function highly dependent on the timing of IL-10 production.32 Our data show that IL-10 mRNA expression was significantly upregulated in the CO diet compared to MD. Here, IL10 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.