In 2003, Cowland et al. found that IL-1β induces LCN2 expression in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells at the transcriptional level by an NF-kB-dependent pathway and showed that IL-1β stimulation can induce binding of NF-kB to the LCN2 promoter [46]. Here, LCN2 is linked to lung adenocarcinoma.