Investigation of a large group of preterm newborns (358 cases with 26 cases of NEC ≥ stage II) for the association of SNPs with risk of NEC in VEGF C-2578A (rs699947), IL-18 C-607A (rs1946518), and IL-4Rα (IL-4 receptor α-chain) A-1902G (rs1801275) revealed that all three SNPs were not significantly different from infants with or without NEC under various genetic models, but the G-allele of the IL-4Rα A-1902G SNP was significantly negative association with the outcome NEC or death [51]. The gene discussed is IL4R; the disease is necrotizing enterocolitis.