In conclusion, this study found that the expression of mir-181a-5p was down regulated in esophageal cancer, effectively reduced the expression of MEK1, and mediated ERK signaling pathway to inhibit the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of esophageal cancer, so as to provide theoretical basis and research basis for the role of mir-181a-5p in the occurrence and development of esophageal cancer and the discovery of new treatment strategies. This evidence concerns the gene MAP2K1 and esophageal cancer.