For example, the pivotal clinical trials of lampalizumab (Hoffmann-la Roche, Basel, Switzerland), an anti-factor D antibody, failed to meet the primary end point as the lampalizumab arm did not slow the progression of geographic atrophy (GA) from baseline vs. the control arm (NCT02247479 and NCT02247531). Here, LIF is linked to atrophic macular degeneration.