Due to limited available cells from granulomas, the difficulties disaggregating cells from these tissues, and the number of unique antibodies we could include in each flow cytometry panel, we chose to focus on the frequencies of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells producing IFNγ and TNF-α, which are cytokines commonly associated with host defense against TB (31, 39, –, 42). This evidence concerns the gene IFNG and tuberculosis.