Matamala et al. observed significantly higher levels of miR-320c in serum from healthy individuals with AAT deficiency compared to non-AAT, and importantly, miR-320c was also upregulated in individuals with obstructive lung disease (bronchiectasis, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma) compared to the healthy regardless of their AAT condition [25]. This evidence concerns the gene SERPINA1 and pulmonary emphysema.