TGFB1 and central nervous system cancer: However, inhibition of TGF-β pathway by pharmacological inhibitors can decrease the glioma-initiating cells (GICs) population and reduce the capacity of GICs to initiate tumors [30], and suppressed TGF-β signaling can reverses metastasis and chemoresistance of highly malignant NSCLC cells [31], suggesting that TGF-β signaling is a key regulator of chemoresistance and targeting TGF-β signaling make it a challenging target and imply the need for careful therapeutic in cancer.