TGFB1 and ovarian carcinoma: Importantly, inhibition of TGF-β/Smad signaling upon TGF-β inhibitor treatment (100 nM,16 h) significantly decreased the IC50 and increased the percentage of apoptotic cells in FAM46A-transduced cells (Figure 6(a)), demonstrating that TGF-β/Smad pathways are functional effectors for chemo-resiatance effect of FAM46A on ovarian cancer.