THBS1 and renal fibrosis: Furthermore, it inhibits mRNA transcription, thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) expression in renal tubular epithelial cells to reduce urinary protein and renal fibrosis, improve renal function, and protect against CGN deterioration through the regulation of MAPK signaling, PI3K-AKT signaling, TGF signaling, Wnt signaling, VEGF signaling, and other pathways [23–26].