Consistent with the findings from our previous study (Zheng et al., 2021) as well as the present study, a previous randomized controlled trial found that L. rhamnosus HN001 supplementation in early pregnancy decreased GDM prevalence and fasting conjugated bile acids, and these bile acids were positively correlated with fasting glucose and fasting insulin, suggesting that they play important roles in improving the glucose metabolism in pregnant women (Chen et al., 2021). This evidence concerns the gene INS and gestational diabetes.